rexitis
2004-05-08 02:46:17 UTC
Did U.S. socialists create the straight-armed "Roman salute" and cause
WWII and the socialist Wholecaust? In 1892, Francis Bellamy was a national
socialist in the U.S. and created the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag using
a straight-armed salute (http://members.ij.net/rex/pledge1.html). Bellamy
wanted the government to takeover all schools and create an "industrial
army" of totalitarian socialism as described in the book "Looking Backward"
(a bestseller written in 1887 by Edward Bellamy, cousin of Francis Bellamy
http://members.ij.net/rex/pledgebackward.html). Government-schools grew and
they mandated racism and segregation by law and did so through WWII and
beyond (http://members.ij.net/rex/stopthepledge4.html).
Edward Bellamy's best-selling book was translated into 20 different
languages, including Russian, German, Italian, and Chinese. It was popular
among the elite in pre-revolutionary Russia, and Lenin's wife was known to
have read the book, because she wrote a review of it. John Dewey and the
historian Charles Beard intended to praise the book when they stated that it
was equaled in influence only by Das Kapital.
25 years later, Bellamy's totalitarian ideas continued. The Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics began in 1917. The National Socialist German
Workers' Party came into existence in 1920 (with electoral breakthroughs in
1930 and dictatorship in 1933). In 1922, Mussolini gained power. The
People's Republic of China began in 1949.
The socialist Wholecaust followed shortly after the worldwide impact of
Bellamy's totalitarian ideas. Under the industrial army of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, 62 million people were slaughtered; the
People's Republic of China, 35 million; and the National Socialist German
Workers' Party, 21 million (numbers from Professor R. J. Rummel's article in
the Encyclopedia of Genocide (1999)) (see
Loading Image...
).
Benito Mussolini was the leader of the Socialist Party of Italy. Like
many modern media Mussolinis, he was a socialist and a journalist. Between
1912 and 1914 he was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti"
(Avanti means "in front", "advance" or "forward" or even "come in"). In 1914
he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of
Italy"). He was considered by socialists to be a great writer about
socialism. He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist
socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for
expelling reformists from the Socialist Party. He was in fact first dubbed
"Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist
Party. When Mussolini differed with some Socialists it was over
participation in World War I, not over abstract theory, or economic
doctrine. Many socialists were neutralists in the First World War, whereas
Mussolini correctly foresaw that the Austro/German forces would not win the
war and therefore wanted Italy to join the Allied side and thus get a slice
of Austrian territory at the end of the war. During World War I, Mussolini
publicized what he admitted was his new brand of socialism.
On October 28, 1922, Mussolini led his "March on Rome", which brought
him to power for 23 years.
In late 1937, Mussolini visited Germany and pledged himself to support
the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1938, he introduced his
'reform of customs.'" Hand-shaking was suddenly banned as unhygienic: a
salute was to be used instead - the right forearm raised vertically. He
imposed a new march on the Italian Army which was simply the goose-step of
the National Socialist German Workers' Party. According to the book "A
Concise History of Italy" by Christopher Duggan, these reforms were
introduced mainly to underline ideological kinship with the National
Socialist German Workers' Party and to impress it's leader. The so-called
"Roman salute" (saluto romano) is as much of a fiction as the so-called
"Roman step" (passo romano) as is the idea that the National Socialist
German Workers' Party emulated Mussolini and not vice versa. The most
notorious instance of Italy imitating the National Socialist German Workers'
Party was in the racist laws imposed in November 1938.
Before and during it all (from 1892), children in the U.S. attended
government-schools where racism and segregation were mandated by law, and
where they performed a straight-armed salute to the U.S. flag, and were
forced to robotically chant a Pledge written by a national socialist who
wanted to produce an "industrial army" for totalitarian socialism as
popularized worldwide in a best-selling novel.
WWII began in 1939 when Poland was invaded by the National Socialist
German Workers' Party and by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as
allies in their scheme to divide up Eastern Europe.
http://members.ij.net/rex/socialistwar.html
The raised-arm salute is one of the best-known symbols of the National
Socialist German Workers' Party, and supposedly used by Mussolini from a
classical Roman custom. According to Martin Winkler in "The Roman Salute on
Film" of the American Philological Association, no Roman work of art
displays this salute, nor does any Roman text describe it.
Winkler notes that well before Mussolini and the National Socialist
German Workers' Party, the salute frequently occurs in films set in
antiquity. What Winkler fails to realize is that every film he cites was
produced after 1892 and thus after the widespread use of the Pledge of
Allegiance to the U.S. flag, and it's original straight-arm salute.
Winkler cites the American Ben-Hur (1907) or the Italian Nerone (1908),
although such films did not yet standardize the salute or make it
exclusively Roman. In Spartaco (1914), even Spartacus used it. Winkler
states "In imitation of such historical films, self-styled "Consul" Gabriele
D'Annunzio appropriated the salute in its now familiar form as a propaganda
tool for his political aspirations upon his occupation of Fiume in 1919.
Earlier, D'Annunzio had been closely involved in Giovanni Pastrone's
colossal epic Cabiria (1914), in which variations of the salute occur
several times." Notable other examples of the salute, by then a standard
part of ancient iconography in the cinema, appear in Ben-Hur (1925) and in
Cecil B. DeMille's Sign of the Cross (1932) and Cleopatra (1934), although
the execution of the gesture was still variable.
Winkler adds "Of particular importance for the visual record are two
films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938). As
is to be expected, the former regularly features the salute; the latter
shows Hitler, German spectators and officials in Berlin's Olympic stadium,
and several victorious German and Italian athletes giving it. So do a number
of athletic teams entering the stadium. In Italy, Carmine Gallone's Scipione
l'Africano (1937) uses the raised-arm salute as one of its chief visual
means to turn Mussolini into a new Scipio." He notes that the salute is
used in more recent films, sometimes to lesser degrees, and notes that when
a new Commodus triumphantly enters Rome in Ridley Scott's Gladiator (2000),
the salute no longer occurs.
(For more ideas on liberty and the libertarian philosophy see
http://members.ij.net/rex and http://rexcurry.net from Rex Curry at
***@ij.net or ***@interaccess.net or ***@hotmail.com).
Roman military salute.
hand to the chest.
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WWII and the socialist Wholecaust? In 1892, Francis Bellamy was a national
socialist in the U.S. and created the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag using
a straight-armed salute (http://members.ij.net/rex/pledge1.html). Bellamy
wanted the government to takeover all schools and create an "industrial
army" of totalitarian socialism as described in the book "Looking Backward"
(a bestseller written in 1887 by Edward Bellamy, cousin of Francis Bellamy
http://members.ij.net/rex/pledgebackward.html). Government-schools grew and
they mandated racism and segregation by law and did so through WWII and
beyond (http://members.ij.net/rex/stopthepledge4.html).
Edward Bellamy's best-selling book was translated into 20 different
languages, including Russian, German, Italian, and Chinese. It was popular
among the elite in pre-revolutionary Russia, and Lenin's wife was known to
have read the book, because she wrote a review of it. John Dewey and the
historian Charles Beard intended to praise the book when they stated that it
was equaled in influence only by Das Kapital.
25 years later, Bellamy's totalitarian ideas continued. The Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics began in 1917. The National Socialist German
Workers' Party came into existence in 1920 (with electoral breakthroughs in
1930 and dictatorship in 1933). In 1922, Mussolini gained power. The
People's Republic of China began in 1949.
The socialist Wholecaust followed shortly after the worldwide impact of
Bellamy's totalitarian ideas. Under the industrial army of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, 62 million people were slaughtered; the
People's Republic of China, 35 million; and the National Socialist German
Workers' Party, 21 million (numbers from Professor R. J. Rummel's article in
the Encyclopedia of Genocide (1999)) (see
Loading Image...
).Benito Mussolini was the leader of the Socialist Party of Italy. Like
many modern media Mussolinis, he was a socialist and a journalist. Between
1912 and 1914 he was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti"
(Avanti means "in front", "advance" or "forward" or even "come in"). In 1914
he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of
Italy"). He was considered by socialists to be a great writer about
socialism. He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist
socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for
expelling reformists from the Socialist Party. He was in fact first dubbed
"Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist
Party. When Mussolini differed with some Socialists it was over
participation in World War I, not over abstract theory, or economic
doctrine. Many socialists were neutralists in the First World War, whereas
Mussolini correctly foresaw that the Austro/German forces would not win the
war and therefore wanted Italy to join the Allied side and thus get a slice
of Austrian territory at the end of the war. During World War I, Mussolini
publicized what he admitted was his new brand of socialism.
On October 28, 1922, Mussolini led his "March on Rome", which brought
him to power for 23 years.
In late 1937, Mussolini visited Germany and pledged himself to support
the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1938, he introduced his
'reform of customs.'" Hand-shaking was suddenly banned as unhygienic: a
salute was to be used instead - the right forearm raised vertically. He
imposed a new march on the Italian Army which was simply the goose-step of
the National Socialist German Workers' Party. According to the book "A
Concise History of Italy" by Christopher Duggan, these reforms were
introduced mainly to underline ideological kinship with the National
Socialist German Workers' Party and to impress it's leader. The so-called
"Roman salute" (saluto romano) is as much of a fiction as the so-called
"Roman step" (passo romano) as is the idea that the National Socialist
German Workers' Party emulated Mussolini and not vice versa. The most
notorious instance of Italy imitating the National Socialist German Workers'
Party was in the racist laws imposed in November 1938.
Before and during it all (from 1892), children in the U.S. attended
government-schools where racism and segregation were mandated by law, and
where they performed a straight-armed salute to the U.S. flag, and were
forced to robotically chant a Pledge written by a national socialist who
wanted to produce an "industrial army" for totalitarian socialism as
popularized worldwide in a best-selling novel.
WWII began in 1939 when Poland was invaded by the National Socialist
German Workers' Party and by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as
allies in their scheme to divide up Eastern Europe.
http://members.ij.net/rex/socialistwar.html
The raised-arm salute is one of the best-known symbols of the National
Socialist German Workers' Party, and supposedly used by Mussolini from a
classical Roman custom. According to Martin Winkler in "The Roman Salute on
Film" of the American Philological Association, no Roman work of art
displays this salute, nor does any Roman text describe it.
Winkler notes that well before Mussolini and the National Socialist
German Workers' Party, the salute frequently occurs in films set in
antiquity. What Winkler fails to realize is that every film he cites was
produced after 1892 and thus after the widespread use of the Pledge of
Allegiance to the U.S. flag, and it's original straight-arm salute.
Winkler cites the American Ben-Hur (1907) or the Italian Nerone (1908),
although such films did not yet standardize the salute or make it
exclusively Roman. In Spartaco (1914), even Spartacus used it. Winkler
states "In imitation of such historical films, self-styled "Consul" Gabriele
D'Annunzio appropriated the salute in its now familiar form as a propaganda
tool for his political aspirations upon his occupation of Fiume in 1919.
Earlier, D'Annunzio had been closely involved in Giovanni Pastrone's
colossal epic Cabiria (1914), in which variations of the salute occur
several times." Notable other examples of the salute, by then a standard
part of ancient iconography in the cinema, appear in Ben-Hur (1925) and in
Cecil B. DeMille's Sign of the Cross (1932) and Cleopatra (1934), although
the execution of the gesture was still variable.
Winkler adds "Of particular importance for the visual record are two
films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938). As
is to be expected, the former regularly features the salute; the latter
shows Hitler, German spectators and officials in Berlin's Olympic stadium,
and several victorious German and Italian athletes giving it. So do a number
of athletic teams entering the stadium. In Italy, Carmine Gallone's Scipione
l'Africano (1937) uses the raised-arm salute as one of its chief visual
means to turn Mussolini into a new Scipio." He notes that the salute is
used in more recent films, sometimes to lesser degrees, and notes that when
a new Commodus triumphantly enters Rome in Ridley Scott's Gladiator (2000),
the salute no longer occurs.
(For more ideas on liberty and the libertarian philosophy see
http://members.ij.net/rex and http://rexcurry.net from Rex Curry at
***@ij.net or ***@interaccess.net or ***@hotmail.com).
Roman military salute.
hand to the chest.
-----= Posted via Newsfeeds.Com, Uncensored Usenet News =-----
http://www.newsfeeds.com - The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World!
-----== Over 100,000 Newsgroups - 19 Different Servers! =-----